權威期刊發文：飲食如何影響腸道細菌和炎症

▲全球視野 本土思考

對腸道最健康的飲食是什麼？想擁有健康腸道和強大免疫系統該怎麼吃？

·腸道微生物組與維持整體健康有關，特別是與炎症性疾病有關。

·儘管專家懷疑飲食攝入與腸道細菌的健康群落有關，但還需要更多研究來研究飲食的作用。

·新研究將61種食物與61種細菌和249個代謝過程相關聯。

·腸道最健康的飲食包含植物性食物和魚類。動物性食品，加工食品，大多數型別的酒精和糖類飲食是最不健康的。

據這項嘴新研究的作者說，腸道微生物群會影響我們消化系統和整個免疫系統中促炎和抗炎反應的平衡。

當腸道菌群發生失衡時，它可能會影響各種炎症介導的疾病，例如：

·心臟病

·炎症性腸病

·系統性紅斑狼瘡

·類風溼關節炎

某些細菌被認為是“好”細菌。這些包括乳酸菌，雙歧桿菌和釀酒酵母。

一項新研究發現，促進過度炎症的腸道微生物群與動物食品，加工食品，穀物和總酒精以及糖之間存在關聯。

研究還發現，富含植物的飲食具有相反的作用。

先前的研究無法最終確定特定的食物或飲食是否直接導致可能影響腸道炎症反應的微生物群的存在。

這項新研究希望透過鑑定飲食，腸道微生物和腸道炎症之間的相互作用來提供澄清。

該研究發表在國際權威《腸》雜誌上。

進行研究

研究人員尋找了1，425人的飲食，腸道細菌種群和炎症狀況的模式。在這一組中，有331例患有炎症性腸病-克羅恩病或潰瘍性結腸炎-223例患有腸易激綜合症，並且871例腸道健康狀況良好。

參與者提交了每日糞便樣本進行微生物分析，並填寫了每日食物問卷以記錄他們的食物攝入量。

研究人員使用了一種稱為“無監督層次聚類分析”的技術，將食物分為每天以克為單位的25個類別。這意味著他們不會干擾計算機程式對食物類別的評估。例如，這些表明乳製品和肉類與土豆和肉汁歸在一起。

一系列關聯

研究人員確定了飲食與特定細菌簇之間的38種聯絡。此外，在整個參與者組中，研究人員檢測到61種食物和61種細菌以及249個代謝過程之間的對應關係。

該研究檢查了與單個食物和食物組或“群體”的關聯。

“不友好的”細菌

科學家認為某些細菌“機會主義”微生物會促進炎症。某些食物和食物的攝入與這些細菌有關。

研究人員發現，攝入加工食品和動物源性食品與屬於Firmicutes和Ruminococcus sp涉及炎症細菌族之間存在聯絡。

與炎症有關的細菌還有梭狀芽孢桿菌，副桿菌和鏈黴菌科。這些存在於食用大量肉類，炸薯條，蛋黃醬和軟飲料的個人中。如果沒有足夠的膳食纖維，這些細菌就會以腸為食，並破壞腸道的保護性粘液層。

喝咖啡和Oscillibacter菌之間也有聯絡，該細菌引發炎症性腸綜合症。

研究人員還將酒精（雖然不是紅酒）和糖的消費與有害細菌聯絡在一起。

一類食物似乎可以持續減少有害細菌。它包含麵包，豆類-包括鷹嘴豆，豌豆和小扁豆-魚和堅果。

How diet influences gut bacteria and inflammation

· The gut microbiome is implicated in maintaining overall health， particularly as it relates to inflammatory disease。

· While experts suspect dietary intake is related to healthy communities of gut bacteria， more studies are needed to investigate the role of diet。

· New research links 61 foods to 61 bacterial species and 249 metabolic processes。

· The most gut-healthy diets contain plant foods and fish。 Diets of animal food products， processed food， most types of alcohol， and sugars are the least healthy。

According to the authors of the new study， the gut microbiome influences the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in our digestive system and throughout our immune system。

When an imbalance occurs， it might influence a diverse range of inflammatory-mediated conditions， such as：

· heart disease

· inflammatory bowel disease

· systemic lupus erythematosus

· rheumatoid arthritis

Certain bacteria are considered “good” bacteria； these include Lactobacillus， Bifidobacteria， and Saccharomyces boulardii。

A new study finds an association between a gut microbiome promoting excessive inflammation and animal food products， processed food， grain-based and total alcohol， and sugar。

The study also finds that a plant-rich diet has the opposite effect。

Previous research has not been able to conclusively determine whether specific foods or diets lead directly to the presence of microbiota that might influence gut inflammatory responses。 The new study hopes to provide clarification by identifying interactions between diet， gut microbes， and intestinal inflammation。

The research appears in the journal Gut。

Conducting the study

The researchers looked for patterns in the diet， gut-bacteria population， and inflammatory conditions of 1，425 people。 Within this group， 331 had inflammatory bowel disease — Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis — 223 had irritable bowel syndrome， and 871 individuals exhibited normal gut health。

Participants submitted a daily stool sample for microbial analysis and filled out a daily food questionnaire to record their food intake。

Researchers used a technique called “unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis” to group foods into 25 categories measured in grams per day。 This means they did not interfere with the computer program’s assessment of food categories。 For example， these showed that dairy and meat clustered with potatoes and gravy。

A range of associations

The researchers identified 38 links between diet and specific bacterial clusters。 In addition， across the entire group of participants， researchers detected a correspondence between 61 foods and 61 bacterial species and 249 metabolic processes。

The study examined associations with individual foods and with food groups， or “clusters。”

‘Unfriendly’ bacteria

Scientists consider some bacteria “opportunistic” microbes that promote inflammation。 The intake of certain foods and clusters had links with these bacteria。

The researchers found a link between the ingestion of processed foods and animal-derived foods with bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes and Ruminococcus sp。 families implicated in inflammation。

The bacteria that also had links with inflammation were Clostridium bolteae， Coprobacillus， and Lachnospiraceae。 These were present in individuals that consumed a cluster of meats， french fries， mayonnaise， and soft drinks。 Without sufficient dietary fiber， these bacteria feed on and damage the gut’s protective mucous layer。

There was also an association between drinking coffee and Oscillibacter， a type of bacteria linkedTrusted Source to inflammatory bowel syndrome。

Researchers also linked the consumption of alcohol spirits — though not red wine — and sugar to unfriendly bacteria。

One food cluster appeared to reduce unfriendly bacteria consistently。 It contained bread， legumes — including chickpeas， peas， and lentils — fish， and nuts。

‘Friendly’ bacteria

Bacteria that researchers consider “friendly” produce short-chain fatty acids that control inflammatory responses and protect the health of cells forming the lining of the gut。

The team found a general link between the intake of plant foods and fish to friendly bacteria。

Faecalibacterium sp。 is one of these bacteria types。 Researchers saw an association between the presence of this bacteria and the consumption of nuts， oily fish， fruit， vegetables， and cereals。

The team also found a link between the intake of fermented dairy products， such as yogurt and buttermilk， and the anti-inflammatory bacteria Bifidobacterium， Lactobacillus， and Enterococcus sp。

Beneficial short-chain fatty acid bacteria were associated with drinking red wine。

Eating a gut-healthier diet

While the study identifies associations between foods and bacteria， it stops short of claiming proof of causality between foods and the presence of particular bacteria in the gut。

However， it is significant that the links that the researchers documented were common to all three participant groups：

“The findings suggest shared responses of the gut microbiota to the diet across patients with ［Crohn’s disease， ulcerative colitis， irritable bowel syndrome］ and the general population that may be relevant to other disease contexts， in which inflammation， gut microbial changes， and nutrition are a common thread。”

According to the authors， the takeaway for people interested in the health of their gut microbiomes is：

“Long-term diets enriched in legumes， vegetables， fruits， and nuts， a higher intake of plant over animal foods with a preference for low fat fermented dairy and fish， and avoiding strong alcoholic drinks， processed high fat meat， and soft drinks， have a potential to prevent intestinal inflammatory processes via the gut microbiome。”