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龔鵬程x赫思樂|書面文物是目前最吸引人的研究領域之一

2022-03-17由 藝術文化生活 發表于 畜牧業

羅馬是什麼意思

龔鵬程對話海外學者第三十二期:在後現代情境中,被技術統治的人類社會,只有強化交談、重建溝通倫理,才能獲得文化新生的力量。這不是誰的理論,而是每個人都應實踐的活動。龔鵬程先生遊走世界,並曾主持過“世界漢學研究中心”。我們會陸續推出“龔鵬程對話海外學者”系列文章,請他對話一些學界有意義的靈魂。範圍不侷限於漢學,會涉及多種學科。以期深山長谷之水,四面而出。

龔鵬程x赫思樂|書面文物是目前最吸引人的研究領域之一

龔鵬程對話海外學者第三十二期:在後現代情境中,被技術統治的人類社會,只有強化交談、重建溝通倫理,才能獲得文化新生的力量。這不是誰的理論,而是每個人都應實踐的活動。龔鵬程先生遊走世界,並曾主持過“世界漢學研究中心”。我們會陸續推出“龔鵬程對話海外學者”系列文章,請他對話一些學界有意義的靈魂。範圍不侷限於漢學,會涉及多種學科。以期深山長谷之水,四面而出。

康拉德

·

赫思樂(

Professor

Konrad Hirschler

康拉德·赫思樂(Professor Konrad Hirschler)

現任德國漢堡大學(University of Hamburg)亞洲與非洲研究所(Asia and Africa Institute)教授、博士生導師。曾在倫敦大學亞非學院(SOAS)學習非洲/亞洲歷史,2003年獲得博士學位,並先後在阿爾佈雷希茨大學和倫敦大學亞非學院擔任學術職務。2016年曾在柏林自由大學(Freie Universitt Berlin)伊斯蘭研究中心擔任教授。

對於他的研究,可能國內會比較陌生(因為與我們傳統的文獻學十分不同),所以我們請他做了一段自述:

在亞非學院東方和非洲研究學院攻讀非洲/亞洲歷史博士學位期間,我對手稿本身並不感興趣。我的興趣是在我的博士後生涯中逐漸發展起來的,當時我對如何書寫“中世紀”閱讀實踐的歷史越來越感興趣。這個問題引出了我的第二本專著《中世紀阿拉伯土地上的文字:閱讀實踐的社會和文化史》。

然而,我對手寫材料真正的迷戀,是在我從事這個專案時,偶然發現了已知最古老的阿拉伯圖書館目錄(13世紀的)。這導致了我在英國科學院資助下為我的第三本專著《中世紀大馬士革:阿拉伯圖書館中的多元性和多樣性》——阿什拉菲亞圖書館目錄進行的研究。我的最新著作《中世紀敘利亞圖書文化的紀念碑——伊本·阿卜杜勒·哈迪圖書館》(The Library of IbnAbd al-Hādī)延續了這一思路,講述了15世紀學者伊本·阿卜杜勒·哈迪(Ibn’Abd al-Hadi)的一份非常獨特的捐贈清單,這是阿拉伯國家1500年前最大的捐贈圖書記錄。

這最後一本書強烈關注這些(並不特別漂亮)複合手稿的“重要性”(在我加入該中心之前很久,我就從CSMC採用了這個術語)。從某種意義上說,我對閱讀實踐的興趣慢慢引導我走上了研究中世紀圖書館和藏書的道路,越來越關注書籍作為實物。因此,回到漢堡,加入CSMC (Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures 手稿文化研究中心),以其獨特的專注於書面藝術的重要性,從很多方面來說我感覺像回到了家。

我目前的主要圖書專案是與我的同事賽義德·阿爾喬馬尼的合作專案。該書名為《在中世紀耶路撒冷擁有書籍和儲存文獻——布林漢·丁圖書館》,探索了一位來自14世紀耶路撒冷的未成年學者的書架和私人檔案。主人公是一個收入微薄的人,他在家鄉耶路撒冷擔任朗誦者,在日常生活中擔任過許多兼職職位,但在他那個時代的編年史中沒有留下任何痕跡。然而,他的離世卻產生了一系列引人注目的清單和清單。他收集了50多份檔案,其中包括一些非常普通的東西,比如結婚檔案、離婚檔案(他至少離過兩次婚)、租金支付、房屋買賣契約、允許他擴建房屋的鄰居、他的妻子從他那裡買了廚房裝置這樣他就能負擔得起延期的費用了。幸運的是,我們還儲存了幾份關於處理他的遺產的檔案,包括一份他留下的所有財產的清單,這些財產在1387年秋天的一天在耶路撒冷被拍賣掉了。這份名單是一個獨特的機會,可以開啟一扇大門,進入印刷階段之前的非精英書刊和紀錄片實踐,而到目前為止,這些實踐基本上是無法被看見的。它講述了一個關於實物(主要是書籍,但也包括鍋碗瓢盆)的故事,一個關於社會抱負和檔案重構的故事。

這本書對這一領域做出了三個主要貢獻。首先,它擴充套件了我們所知道的文獻藏書的語料庫,因為我們所知道的關於中世紀中東地區圖書館和圖書所有權的文獻很少。這是一個在過去十年才出現的重要研究領域。我的書也是包括我以前寫的關於Ashrafiya和Ibn Abd al-Hādī圖書館的書在內的中世紀藏書三部曲的最後一部。我的主要興趣不是主要從思想史的角度來研究這些圖書館,而是思考這樣的實物收藏對那些擁有它們的人、賦予它們的人以及使用它們的人意味著什麼。

其次,我們的書討論了關於(書本式的和實用主義式的)文化程度的辯論。我們認為,到14世紀,書面文字已經成為該地區幾乎所有生活領域的中心特徵,遠遠超過了精英階層。透過在一個具體的案例研究中結合對圖書所有權(和圖書館)的分析和對文件使用(和歸檔)的分析,本書採用了一種獨特的方法,超越了該領域中已建立的概念。

最後,該研究的論點不僅集中在書籍和檔案上。相反,它還強調在軍事和政治精英成員與更廣泛的社會成員之間建立庇護關係的社會文化實踐。這種觀點是對中世紀晚期埃及和敘利亞社會更廣泛反思的一部分,特別是對國家作為一個分析範疇的逐漸衰落的反思。

:在六朝時期(公元220年至580年),世系和對書面檔案的控制在建立和維持中國的社會等級制度方面發揮了基本作用。類似的情況是否發生在阿拉伯世界?請問文化權力在中世紀的阿拉伯世界裡是如何發揮作用的?

:龔教授,您好。毫無疑問,對書面檔案的控制是建立、維持和談判社會等級制度的一個關鍵因素。然而,現代對檔案一詞的理解及其與現代民族國家的聯絡,有時導致了對誰、為了什麼目的控制檔案的概念過於簡單化。特別是,歷史學家傾向於在這方面賦予一個核心的,甚至是壟斷的角色。中世紀的阿拉伯社會在經濟、稅收、產權、婚姻等領域產生了大量的檔案,大量的檔案被儲存下來。

然而,檔案不一定由一個國家控制,而是儲存在社會的多個地點。因此,我們發現,個人、家庭和捐贈組織在儲存檔案方面至關重要,以便主張、維持或挑戰社會等級制度。即使是在行使政治權力過程中產生的檔案(命令、稅收收據、信箋等),也是由個別行政人員和高階官員儲存的,而不是集中的檔案。正如一位同事最近為早期現代印度所做的論證,莫臥兒王朝的檔案只是“在家裡”。

因此,檔案的控制是一種分散的做法,發生在社會中的許多社會場所。這正是研究這些檔案如此迷人的原因。我們看到的不是福柯式的國家對知識生產和儲存的全面控制,而是一個不斷競爭的行動者網路。檔案儲存的這種分散性也是我們今天必須從乍一看不象是檔案的環境中檢索檔案的原因。檔案從神聖建築的儲藏室(如開羅猶太社群的Geniza或大馬士革的Qubbat al-khazna),從被重新利用的書本裝訂處,甚至在被重新利用的頭飾中被檢索出來。

Control of written documents is beyond doubt a crucial factor in building, maintaining, and negotiating social hierarchies。 However, modern understandings of the term archive and its association with the modern nation state has sometimes led to oversimplified notions of who controlled documents for what purposes。 In particular, historians have tended to ascribe a central, even monopolistic, role in this regard。 Medieval Arabic societies produced a lot of documents in the spheres of economy, taxation, property rights, marriages and so and a lot of documents were preserved。 Yet, documents were not necessarily controlled by a single state, but they were rather preserved at multiple sites in society。 We thus find that individuals, families, and endowed organisations were crucial in the preservation of documents in order to claim, maintain or challenge social hierarchies。 Even documents produced while exercising political authority (orders, tax receipts, missives and so on) were preserved by individual administrators and high-ranking officers rather than in a centralized archive。 As a colleague recently argued for early modern India, the Mughal archives were simply ‘at home’。

In consequence the control of documents was a decentralized practice that took place in numerous social sites within society。 This is exactly the reason why studying these documents is so fascinating: We are not looking at a Foucauldian state exercising total control over knowledge production and preservation, but rather at a network of actors who were in constant competition。 This decentralized nature of document preservation is also the reason why we have to retrieve documents today from contexts that are not archival at all at first glance。 Documents are retrieved from storerooms in sacred buildings (such as the Geniza of the Jewish community in Cairo or the Qubbat al-khazna of Damascus), from bookbindings where they were repurposed and even in headgears where they were reused。

龔鵬程

:你寫了一個關於中世紀書籍收藏的研究三部曲。 書面檔案對那些曾經擁有它們的人,或是捐贈它們的人,以及曾經使用它們的人有著怎樣的意義?

康拉德·赫思樂

:書面的文物(無論是檔案還是書籍)對它們的所有者很重要,因為它們的內容也是實物。擁有一份檔案顯然很重要,以證明某種權利,例如被任命到某個特定職位。同時,這種檔案也是一種珍貴的物質物品,是顯示社會地位的一部分(就像衣服、傢俱、房屋等一樣)。在社會精英階層流傳的檔案往往非常大,比它們需要的文字要大得多。它們可能是顯眼的消費物品,有很大的行距和頁數,寫在羊皮紙或昂貴的紙張上,它們當然是可以展示的物品。

同樣,擁有藏書也有一個實用的原因,因為人們需要獲取資訊,也許因為主人是個學者或管理者。然而,藏書也是自豪地展示的聲望物品,是社會地位的一個核心特徵。對於由富人捐贈的學院(madrasas)等組織也是如此。建立一所“適當的”學院意味著也要包括其他建築。這些建築可能是清真寺、陵墓、噴水池、兒童學校和圖書館。然而,我們也發現書面文物遠遠超出了社會精英和資金雄厚的學院。由於中世紀的阿拉伯社會是高度識字的社會,社會地位相當低下的個人所擁有的檔案和書籍的數量之多令人吃驚。

賦予書面文物的高度重要性也意味著它們也是高度流動的物品。隨著藏書主人的去世,我們看到他的書很快就被新的藏書所收藏;隨著一所學院資金的減少,我們也看到它的書經常被轉移給新的主人。追溯這些高度複雜的幾個世紀的軌跡,瞭解這些書面文物的生命週期,是目前最吸引人的研究領域之一。

Written artefacts (whether documents or books) matter to their owners because of their content but also as material objects。 Owning a document was obviously important in order to have proof of a certain right, for example of being appointed to a specific position。 At the same time, this document was also a cherished material object that was part of displaying social status (as much as clothing, furniture, houses and so on)。 Documents circulating in the social elite were often very large, much larger than they needed to be to fit the text。 They could be items of conspicuous consumption with generous line spacing and mise-en-page, written on parchment or expensive paper and they were certainly items that could be displayed。

In the same vein, owning book collections had a pragmatic reason as one needed access to information perhaps because the owner was a scholar or an administrator。 Yet, book collections were also prestige items that were proudly displayed and that were a central feature of social status。 This was also true for organisations such as colleges (madrasas) that were endowed by wealthy individuals。 Setting up a ‘proper’ college meant that other buildings were included as well。 These could be a mosque, a mausoleum, a water fountain, a children’s school and also a library。 Yet, we also find written artefacts well beyond the social elites and the well-funded colleges。 As medieval Arabic societies were highly literate societies, the number of documents and the number of books owned by individuals of rather modest social standing is astonishingly high。

The high importance ascribed to written artefacts meant that they were also highly mobile objects。 With the death of the owner of a book collection we see that his books quickly make their way into new collections; with the decline of a college’s funds, we also observe that its book are routinely transferred to new owners。 Tracing these highly complex trajectories over many centuries and understanding the life-cycles of these written artefacts is one of the most fascinating areas of research in the moment。

龔鵬程

:到14世紀,書面文字已經成為阿拉伯地區幾乎所有生活領域的中心特徵,遠遠超過了精英階層。這也是中國在唐朝宋朝(618年—1279年)的情況,而印刷術興起,是其中很重要的因素。您能解釋一下,到了十四世紀,書面文字是如何成為中東地區幾乎所有生活領域的核心特徵的?

康拉德·赫思樂

:隨著公元九世紀和十世紀中東地區採用紙張作為相對廉價的書寫材料,書面文字的使用開始大幅普及。更多的書被寫在更廣泛的主題上(例如烹飪書),更多的日常活動伴隨著書面檔案的產生(例如記賬)。然而,這是一個漸進的過程,從未完全取代口述的重要性。我們看到,隨著13世紀捐贈學院在該地區的傳播,以及兒童學校的傳播,我們又邁出了決定性的一步。

例如,雖然以前就有大規模的圖書館,但它們往往位於精英階層的場所,難以為廣大民眾所用,如宮殿。與此相反,通常與圖書館一起存在的學院則遍佈城市的各個角落。在開羅這樣的城市裡,有幾十所這樣的學院,因此,獲得書面文字的機會大大增加了。在這樣的學院裡,參加讀書會的不僅有學者和學生,還有工匠、商人甚至是奴隸。

對書面文字的接觸增多也對實用識字產生了影響,即在日常活動中使用書面文字。這種變化在我們今天的人工製品中是顯而易見的。例如,在我最近與人合寫的一篇文章中,我們討論了來自大約13世紀末的敘利亞的一份普通的報告。令人驚訝的是,我們在這裡有一個像水果和豆類這樣簡單的產品的商人,他把他的貿易活動記錄在冊。使用書面檔案的可能性越來越大,反過來又導致了匯票等更復雜的金融工具的傳播。可以說,在14世紀,書面文字已經深入社會,以至於完全依靠口頭語言參與核心文化和經濟活動變得越來越困難。

With the adoption of paper as a relatively cheap writing material in the Middle East in the ninth and tenth century CE the use of the written word started to spread significantly。 More books were written on a wider array of topics (such as cooking books for instance) and more daily activities were accompanied by the production of written documents (such as keeping accounts)。 However, this was a gradual process that never completely replaced the importance of orality。 We see a decisive further step with the spread of endowed colleges in the region that was accompanied with the spread of children schools during the thirteenth century。 For instance, while large-scale libraries had existed before they were often situated in elite sites difficult to access for the wider populace, such as palaces。 Colleges, that generally came with libraries, were in contrast spread all over the urban topography。 In a town such as Cairo there existed dozens such colleges and access to the written word thus was significantly easier。 Reading sessions in such colleges were not only attended by scholars and students, but also by craftsmen, traders and even slaves。

This increased access to the written word also had an impact on pragmatic literacy, that is the use of the written word for day-to-day activities。 This change is evident in the kind of artefacts that we have today: For instance, in one of my

recent co-written articles

, we discussed a modest accounts from Syria, probably from the late 13th century。 What was astonishing is that we have here a trader of products as modest as fruit and legumes who kept a log book of his trading activities。 The increasing possibility to use written documents led in turn to the spread of more sophisticated financial instruments such as bills of exchange。 Arguably, in the fourteenth century the written word had penetrated society so deeply that it became increasingly difficult to participate in central cultural and economic activities by relying exclusively on orality。

龔鵬程

:您專門研究過中世紀阿拉伯圖書館中的多元性和多樣性,但阿拉伯圖書館好像還有一些跟現代圖書館不一樣的功能。例如它也是書籍製作的場所,後來還因為畫插畫之需而又成了畫院。您能談談中世紀時阿拉伯世界圖書館的多樣性嗎?圖書館在社會中發揮了什麼作用?

康拉德·赫思樂

:擁有書籍是一種重要的文化習俗,精英階層的成員以建立大量的書籍收藏為榮。只是隨著13世紀學院的普及,這種藏書才被更多的人所接受。這些藏書滿足了學院的教學需要,涵蓋了廣泛的主題選擇。因此,我們不僅有古蘭經研究和法律領域的宗教典籍,而且這種藏書還包括前伊斯蘭教的詩歌、數學和醫學書籍。事實上,在我研究的一個圖書館中,大部分書目都是詩歌書籍,其他知識領域的書籍反而起到了次要作用。同時,我們在它的書架上發現了今天會被視為有宗教問題的書籍。

這可以追溯到托馬斯·鮑爾將這些社會中的模糊性文化概念化。與我們的現代觀念相比,中東文化的特點是沒有任何細微差別的教條式宗教規範,也沒有理性的簡單主導。相反,人們對模稜兩可有著明顯的容忍,因為定義絕對的、不容置疑的真理的傾向並不是學術生活的主要動機。更確切地說,存在著一種願意去尋找與歧義共存和接受複雜性的方法的意願。中世紀阿拉伯書籍的豐富內容無疑是這種趨勢的產物,它可以容納遠遠超出既定標準的書籍。

Owning books was an important cultural practice and members of the elite took pride in building up large book collections。 It was only with the spread of the college in the thirteenth century that such book collections became accessible to wider audiences。 These book collections catered for the teaching needs at the college and covered a broad selection of topics。 We thus do not only have the religious canon in the fields of Koranic studies and law, but such book collections also included books of pre-Islamic poetry, mathematics, and medicine。 In fact, in one library that I studied the majority of titles were poetry books and other fields of knowledge played rather a secondary role。 At the same time, we find books on its shelves that would today be seen as religiously problematic。

This goes back to what Thomas Bauer has conceptualized as a culture of ambiguity in these societies。 In contrast to our modern perceptions, Middle Eastern cultures were neither marked by dogmatic religious norms that permit no nuance nor by a simple dominance of rationality。 Rather, there was a marked tolerance of ambiguity in the sense that the tendency to define absolute and uncontestable truths was not the prime motive in intellectual life。 Rather, there existed a willingness to look for ways to live with ambiguity and accept complexity。 The diverse content of medieval Arabic book collections are certainly a product of this tendency that could accommodate books well beyond an established canon。

龔鵬程

:阿拉伯文,可能是21世紀跨越不同國家與民族的最大人口使用文字。因為有數十種文字使用阿拉伯字母,信仰伊斯蘭教的穆斯林大多也使用阿拉伯語。您能否從閱讀實踐的社會和文化歷史的角度來描述中世紀阿拉伯文寫作的特點?

由於檔案和書籍服務於不同的需求,寫作實踐也高度多樣化。在實用識字的背景下產生的檔案,如賬目,註定只能由少數人閱讀。因此,我們發現速記的做法在今天往往難以破譯,因為單詞被濃縮成單筆,而數字則以縮寫的方式書寫。這與人們通常認為的 “秘密程式碼 “無關,而只是一種有效的系統,以滿足小規模使用者的需要。

一本手稿書並不是寫完了(生產背景)就不再動了。恰恰相反,“書寫”往往是一個連續的過程,後來的手稿使用者(使用背景)也在書中書寫。使用情境寫作的第一個典型特徵是手稿說明,表達所有權(“這本書屬於……”)、借閱(“我把這本書借給……”)和捐贈(“這本書是由……捐贈給X學院的”)。第二個典型特徵是副詞,即寫在書的空白處或行間的文字,使用者在其中對主要文字進行評論、糾正、擴充套件等等。

今天,許多手稿上的副文字和正文一樣多。最初正文的抄寫員常常留下寬大的空白,期望未來的使用者能利用這些空間與文字進行互動。這些註釋和副文字特別吸引人,因為它們使每本書成為一個獨特的物件,有它自己的故事,可以講述主人、出借人和讀者。

As much as documents and books served different needs, writing practices were highly diverse。 Documents produced in the context of pragmatic literacy, such as accounts, were destined to be read by few people only。 In consequence, we find shorthand practices that are today often difficult to decipher as words are condensed into single strokes and as numerals are written in abbreviated manner。 This has nothing to do with ‘secret codes’, as was often believed, but is simply an efficient system to cater for small groups of users。

A manuscript book was not just written (production context) and remained untouched thereafter。 Quite in contrast, ‘writing’ was often a continuous process where later manuscript users (usage context) also wrote in the book。 The first typical feature of usage context writings are manuscript notes that express ownership (‘this book belongs to…’), lending (‘I lent this book to…)’ and endowment (‘this book was endowed to college X by…’)。 The second typical feature were paratexts, that is text written into the margins of the book or between the lines in which a user comments the main text, corrects it, expands on it and so on。 Many manuscripts carry today as much paratext as they carry main text。 The scribe of the initial main text often left wide margins in the expectations that future users would employ that space for interacting with the text。 These notes and paratexts are particularly fascinating as they render each book a unique object that has its very own story to tell of owners, lenders, and readers。

康拉德·赫思樂

:對於那些對手稿研究感興趣的大學生來說:你有什麼建議想和他們分享?他們應該如何為未來的學習和研究做準備?

龔鵬程

:乍一看,手稿看起來是相當神秘和難以獲取的材料。然而,人們越是研究它們,它們就越是迷人,因為它們中的每一個都是一個獨特的物體,都有其獨特的故事要講。和我的大多數同事一樣,我也是在偶然的情況下進入手稿研究領域的。進入手稿研究的途徑並不單一,因為根據定義,它是一個高度跨學科的領域。隨著手稿研究日益向科學和資訊科技領域開放,情況更是如此。因此,你的本科學位並不重要,因為我們有接受過語言學訓練的同事,也有具有物理學等領域背景的同事。一旦你想更深入地研究手稿,幾乎沒有專門的課程,所以你需要一所大學或一個部門,至少有一些專注於手稿的工作人員。

為了獲得對該領域的靈感,要廣泛閱讀,不要只關注一種語言或地區。從最近的工作開始,如瑪麗娜-魯斯托的《丟失的檔案》。開羅猶太教堂中哈里發的痕跡和南迪尼-查特吉的《談判莫臥兒法》。一個跨越三個印度帝國的地主家庭。特別有用的是比較性書籍,如《手稿文化研究》開放系列,其中包括《中世紀多語言手稿》和《從古代美索不達米亞到現代中國的書面文物的贗品和偽造品》。

說到學習讀手稿內容,任何大學培訓都無法涵蓋你所需要的技能。因此,最好是拿起檔案和手稿的版本,將原文與印刷版並排閱讀,以便適應不同的版本。

At first glance, manuscripts look like rather arcane and difficult-to-access material。 Yet the more one studies them, the more they become fascinating as each of them is a unique object with its unique story to tell。 As most of my colleagues, I came rather by chance to manuscript studies。 There is not a single pathway into manuscript studies as it is by definition a highly- interdisciplinary field。 This is even more so the case with manuscript studies increasingly opening up to the sciences and to IT。 Thus it does not really matter what undergraduate degree you do as we have colleagues with a philological training, but also those with a background in fields such as physics。 Once you want to go into manuscript studies in more depth there are hardly any dedicated courses so you need a university or a department with at least some members of staff who focus on manuscripts。

In order to get a feel for the field read widely and do not just focus on one language or region。 Start with recent work such as Marina Rustow’s The lost archive。 Traces of a caliphate in a Cairo synagogue and Nandini Chatterjee’s Negotiating Mughal law。 A family of landlords across three Indian empires。 Particularly useful are comparative titles such as the open-access series

Studies in Manuscript Cultures

with titles such as

Medieval Multilingual Manuscripts

and

Fakes and Forgeries of Written Artefacts from Ancient Mesopotamia to Modern China

When it comes to learning to read scripts, no university training can cover the skills you need。 Best is thus to take editions of documents and manuscripts and read the original text side-to-side with the print edition in order to get used to different hands。

龔鵬程x赫思樂|書面文物是目前最吸引人的研究領域之一

龔鵬程

龔鵬程,1956年生於臺北,臺灣師範大學博士,當代著名學者和思想家。著作已出版一百五十多本。

辦有大學、出版社、雜誌社、書院等,並規劃城市建設、主題園區等多處。講學於世界各地。並在北京、上海、杭州、臺北、巴黎、日本、澳門等地舉辦過書法展。現為美國龔鵬程基金會主席。