農林漁牧網

您現在的位置是:首頁 > 農業

SCI論文翻譯之二:英語倍數的常用表達方式及翻譯(一文精通)

2021-08-02由 湘雅醫學翻譯 發表于 農業

數量增加英語怎麼說

英語倍數增減常出現在科技英語中。漢英兩種語言表達倍數增減的方式差異很大。英語表示倍數增減或倍數對比的句型多種多樣,其中有一些句型很容易譯錯。

SCI論文翻譯之二:英語倍數的常用表達方式及翻譯(一文精通)

例如,1)This room is 3 times larger than that one.2)This room is 3 times as large as that one.3)This room is 3 times the size of that one.這裡包含有三種表示增加多少倍的句型,不能譯為這個房間比那個房間大三倍,應譯為這個房間是那個房間的三倍大或這個房間比那個房間大兩倍?之所以會出現這樣的情況,是因為英文和中文兩種語言的表達思維是不一樣的。只有懂得了兩種思維方式的差異,才能正確地進行英語倍數的翻譯。本文擬將常用的英語數句型及其正確譯法予以歸納。

一、倍數增加的表達方法

表達A是B的N倍長(寬、高、大、重等),A比B長(寬、高、大、重等)N倍或A的長度(寬度、高度、大小、重量等)是B的N倍,可用下列三種句型。

(一)A +be+倍數+as+計量形容詞原級+ as + B

例如:

This bed is three times as big as that one.這張床是那張床的三倍大。(比那張大兩倍)

This tree is three times as tall as that one.這棵樹是那棵樹的三倍高。(比那棵高兩倍)

His father is twice as old as he.他父親的年紀有他兩倍大。(比他大一倍)

Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲的面積是歐洲的四倍。(比歐洲大三倍)

This big stone is three times as heavy as that one.這塊大石頭的重量是那塊的三倍。(比那塊重兩倍)

The plane flew ten times as high as the kite.那架飛機飛行高度是那個風箏的十倍。(比那個風箏高九倍)

(二) A +be+倍數+計量形容詞比較級+than + B

例如:

The Yangtze River is almost twice longer than the Pearl River.長江差不多比珠江長兩倍。(長度是珠江的三倍)

This rope is twice longer than that one.這根繩比那根繩長兩倍。(長度是那根繩的三倍)

This hall is five times bigger than our classroom.這個大廳比我們的教室大五倍。(面積是我們教室的六倍)

The speed twice faster than that truck.這輛小車的速度比那輛卡車快兩倍。(速度是那輛卡車的三倍)

This book is 3 times longer than that one.這本書的篇幅比那本書長兩倍。(篇幅是那本書的三倍)

Iron is almost 3 times heavier than aluminum.鐵幾乎比鋁重兩倍。(重量幾乎是鋁的三倍)

(三) A +be+倍數+the+計量名詞(如size,height,weight,length,width等) + of + B

例如:

The newly broadened square is four times the size of the previous one.新擴建的廣場是未擴建時的四倍大。(比未擴建時大三倍)

This street is four times the length of that street.這條街是那條街的四倍長。(比那條街長三倍)

This hill is four times the height of that small one.這座山的高度是那座小山的四倍。(比那座小山高三倍)

This book is 3 times the length of that one.這本書的篇幅比那本書長兩倍。(篇幅是那本書的三倍)

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的體積是月球的49倍。(比月球大48倍)

This river is three times the depth of that one.這條河是那條河的三倍深。(比那條河深兩倍)

(四 )increase(+to)+倍數,或increase +by+倍數,在這類句型中increase常被rise,grow,go/step up,multiply等詞所替代,表示增加到n倍(或增加n

-

1倍)

例如:The production of steel has increased to three times since 1980.鋼的產量1980年以來已增加了兩倍。

The coal output has increased by five times as against 2000.煤產量比2000年增加了4倍。

由以上例子可見,英語中說增加了n倍,包括基數在內,表示增加後的總數。而漢語中說增加了n倍卻不包括基數,表示的是純增加量。比如我們說,現在比過去增加(或增加了)三倍,即淨增加了三倍,也就是過去為一,現在為四。若說增加到(或增加為)過去的三倍,即表示過去為一,現在為三。所以,漢譯增加了n倍時,須將英語的倍數減一,譯為增加了n一1倍,表示淨增加數。如果漢譯為增加到n倍或為原有n倍時,英語則照譯不減。

二、倍數減少的表示方法

英語常用倍數表示減少的程度,而漢語則習慣用分數或百分數來表示減少的具體程度。因此,我們在翻譯時須將英語的倍數換算成分數,有時還須換算成百分數。倍數減少通常用以下三種形式來表示。

(一)A +be+倍數+as+計量形容詞原級

A +

be

+

(

l

ight,small,slow,short,thin?)+as+ B

The new machine is ten times as light as the old one.新機器的重量是舊機器的十分之一。

This bed is three times as small as that one.這張床的大小是那張床的三分之一。

(二)

A +be+倍數+計量形容詞比較級+than + B

This bridge is 3 times shorter than that one.這座橋的長度是那座橋的三分之一。(這橋比那橋短三分之二)

This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper.這種薄膜的厚度只有普通紙的二分之一。

(三)當句子中有表示減少、降低意義的詞時,用decrease+倍數,或decrease +by+倍數,意為減少到1/n[或減少(n一1)/n]。decrease常被reduce,shorten,go/slow down等詞替代。

例如:The cotton output has decreased by 50%.棉花產量減少了50%。

The automatic assembly line can shorten ten times the assembly period.自動裝配線能夠把裝配期縮短到原來的十分之一(即90%)。

由以上例子可以看出,在翻譯表示倍數減少的句子時,就不能用減少(n一1)倍或減少到幾倍來譯,因為這不符合漢語習慣。可將這類結構中的倍數轉換成分數或百分數譯出。方法是:把倍數作為分母,用1作為分子(即1/n),以表示減少到幾分之一,或用n一1作為分子[即(n一1)/n],以表示減少幾分之幾。如:3 times smaller到1/3或、2/3;reduce (by) three times減少到 1/3或減少2/3。

從上述倍數增減句型及其譯法中不難看出,與漢語不同,英語在表述或比較倍數時,無論使用什麼句型,都包括基礎倍數在內,因此都不是淨增或淨減n倍,而是淨增或淨減n-1倍。我們在理解和翻譯英語倍數增減表達結構時,一定要清楚英漢之間的差異。

示例

1.倍數增加

(1)A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.

A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B。

A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B。

以上三句都應譯為:A的大小(長度,數量,……)是B的n倍[或A比日大(長,多,……)n-1倍]。 例如:

This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one,

這本書的篇幅是那本書的3倍(即長兩倍)。

注:當相比的物件B很明顯時,than(as,of)B常被省去。

(2)increase to n times

increase n times/n-fold

increase by n times

increase by a factor of n

以上四式均應譯為:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。例如:

The production of cars has been increased to three times as compared with last year。

汽車的產量比去年增加了兩倍。

The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.化肥產量比1986年增加了4倍。

The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four。

漏電壓增加了3借(即增加到原來的4倍)。

注:在這類句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等詞所替代。

(3)There is a n-fold increase/growth…應譯為:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。這個句型還有其它一些形式,如:

There is a n-fold increase/growth… 某物有N-1 倍的增加或增長。

There is a threefold increase in the production of wheat this year。

A record high increase in value of four times was reported。

據報道,價值破記錄地增長了3倍。

(4)double【增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple [‘kwdrupl] (增加3倍),quintuple [‘kwintjupl] (增加4倍)

例如:

The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.這些機器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。

2、倍數減少

(1)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.

A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…)than B。

以上兩句均應譯為:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(輕,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。例如:

The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom。氫原子的重量約為氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子約輕15/16)。

This sort of cloth is twice thinner than ordinary paper。

這種布比普通紙張要薄一半(即是普通紙厚度的1/2)。

注:當相比的物件B很明顯時,than/as B常被省去。

(2)decrease n times/n

-

fold

decrease by n times

decrease by a factor of n

以上三式均譯為:減少到1/n[或:減少(n-1)/n]。decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等詞替代。例如:

Switching time of the new-type is shortened 3 times。新型號開關時間縮短了1/3(即縮短到2/3)。

The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5。

該裝置誤差機率降低了4/5。

(3)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…應譯為:減至1/n

[或:減少(n-1)/n]。(17)這個句型還有其它一些形式,如:

A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.發現迅速減少到1/7。

The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight;這些產品的主要優點是重量減輕了1/2。

Exercises:

Line A is four times the length of line B。 線條 A 是線條 B 的四倍長。

I have five times the number of Tom’s books。 我有五倍於湯姆的書。

He has three times my money。 他的錢是我的三倍。

The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River。 這條河的長度是淡水河的十倍。

This street is four times shorter than that one。 這條街道比那條短四倍。

The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant。這隻母象比小象重一百倍。

It is ten times louder than another。 它比另外一個的聲音大十倍。

This street is three times wider than that one。 這條街比那條街寬三倍。

I am twice older than he。 我的年紀比他大兩倍。

使用more。。。than 比較級的例句:

He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago。 他現在掙的錢比十年前掙的多 5 倍。

There are twice more students in our class than in theirs。 我們班的學生人數比他們班多兩倍。

比較級也可使用分數、小數等數字。例如:

The box is one-third bigger than that one。 這個盒子比那個盒子大三分之一。

Last year the output value of industry was 59 percent higher than that of 1976。 去年工業產值比 1976 年增長 59%。

My command of English is not half so good as yours。 我英語掌握得還不及你的一半兒好。

其它表示法

(1)

英語中有些詞表示特定的倍數,例如: again (一倍), twice, double (兩倍), triple (三倍), fourfold (四倍) 等數。

(2)

A is as much (large,long,…)again as B. (= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B. 應譯為:A比B多(大,長,……)1倍

(3)

A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B. 【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】 應譯為:A比B多(大,長……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)

My Aunt is as old again as I am。 我姑姑的年齡比我大一倍。

The top-brand clothes are often sold as double the normal price here。 售價經常比正常的售價高一倍。

The new work procedure tripled the output。 新工藝使產量增加兩倍。

The output of grain increased fourfold。 糧食產量增加了三倍。

(2) 使用by, compared with 等

Compared with last year,our coal output has increased by three times。

與去年相比,我們的煤產量增長了 2 倍。(使用by。。。)